cognitive map-2

 


Cognitive Map: Theories of Biological Evolution

Biological evolution explains the gradual change in organisms over time, leading to the origin of new species. Lamarck’s Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characters (1809) states that environmental changes create new needs, leading to the continuous use or disuse of organs; used organs develop while unused organs degenerate, and these acquired characters are inherited (e.g., elongation of giraffe’s neck). Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection explains evolution through overproduction of offspring, struggle for existence, and variations; individuals with favorable variations survive and reproduce (“survival of the fittest”), while unfavorable variations perish, resulting in the origin of species. Natural selection may be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Mutation Theory (Hugo de Vries, 1901) states that evolution occurs due to sudden, large, heritable changes called mutations, leading to new species by saltation. Together, these theories explain how variations, environment, and heredity drive evolution.



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